Glosario

GEOGRAPHY

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Mountain range	Cordillera	Group of mountains
Hill	Colina	Low mountain
Valley	Valle	Low area between mountains
Plain	Llanura	Large area of flat land
Plateau	Meseta	An area higher than the surrounding surface
Depression	Depresión	An area lower than the surrounding surface
Cape	Cabo	Part of land into the sea / ocean
Gulf	Golfo	Part of sea / ocean into the land
Bay	Bahía	Small gulf
Cove	Cala	Small bay
Cliff	Acantilado	High steep rock face
Isthmus	Istmo	Narrow part of land that connects two big lands surrounded in both sides by water
Strait	Estrecho	Narrow passage of water that connects two big bodies of water
Reservoir	Embalse	Natural or artificial place were the water is collected
Tributary	Afluente	A river that flows into a larger river
To flow	Fluir	Water moving
Estuary	Estuario / Desembocadura	Part of the mouth of the river that goes into the sea / ocean
Delta	Delta	Triangular deposit of sediment at the endo of the river
Islet	Islote	Small island
Coast	Costa	Part of the land next to the water
Landscape	Paisaje	Area that you can see from a point

MIDDLE AGES

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Palaeolithic	Paleolítico	Period of time of the Prehistory were people used stones to make tools
Neolithic	Neolítico	Period of time of the Prehistory were people used improved stones to make tools
Metal Ages	Edad de los Metales	Period of time of the Prehistory were people used metals to make tools
Antiquity	Edad Antigua	Period of time of the History from the invention of writing to the fall of the Roman Empire
Middle Ages	Edad Media	Period of time of the History from the fall of the Roman Empire to the discovery of America
Modern Ages	Edad Moderna	Period of time of the History from the discovery of America to the French Revolution
Contemporary Ages	Edad Contemporánea	Period of time of the History from the French Revolution to today.
Human being	Ser humano	People. Person.
Emperor	Emperador	The governor of an Empire
Empire	Imperio	Group of people or nations ruled by an emperor
Visigoths	Visigodos	Germanic tribe
Germanic	Germánico	From Germany
Tribe	Tribu	Group of people with similar traditions
Suevi	Suevos	Germanic tribe
Vandals	Vándalos	Germanic tribe
Alans	Alanos	Germanic tribe
Kingdom	Reino	Group of people or nations ruled by a king
King	Rey	The governor of a kingdom
To expulse	Expulsar	To expel
To conquer	Conquistar	To take something by force
To expand	Expandir	To increase the territory, make it bigger
Law	Ley	Rules of a country
Muslim	Musulmán	Follower of Islam
Islam	Islam	A religion
Christianity	Cristianismo	A religion
Christian	Cristiano	Follower of Christianity
Judaism	Judaísmo	A religion
Jew	Judío	Follower of Judaism
Compass	Brújula	Device to know where is the North
Caliph	Califa	Religious and civil ruler of the Islamic world
Mosque	Mezquita	Islamic place to pray
Souk	Zoco	A market
Wall	Muro	Vertical structure to protect
Alcazaba	Alcazaba	Place with a wall around to protect
Romanesque	Románico	Architectonic style from the Middle Ages characterized by thick walls, small windows and rounded shapes
Gothic	Gótico	Architectonic style from the Middle Ages characterized by big walls, big windows and pointed shapes
Church	Iglesia	Christian place to pray
Clergy	Clero	Group of leaders from the Christian religion
Monastery	Monasterio	A place where monks live
To pray	Rezar	To offer praise / thanks to God
Noble	Noble	A person with a social or political status because of his family
Knight	Caballero	Soldier of the king in the Middle Ages
Peasant / Commoner	Campesino / plebeyo	Person of a low social class, not nobles
Pilgrim	Peregrino	A person that travels to a sacred or holy place (important in his/her religion)

MIDDLE AGES: RECONQUEST

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Reconquest	Reconquista	Period of time when the Christians of the North are trying to reconquer Al-Ándalus (1000-1492)
Battle	Batalla	A fight
Province	Provincia	A part of a country
Caliphate	Califato	Group of people or nations ruled by a Caliph
Caliph	Califa	The governor of a Caliphate
Emirate	Emirato	Group of people or nations ruled by an Emir
Emir	Emir	The governor of an Emirate
Kingdom	Reino	Group of people or nations ruled by a king
King	Rey	The governor of a kingdom
Governor	Gobernador	Person that rules
Weak	Débil	Not strong
Muslim	Musulmán	Follower of Islam
Christian	Cristiano	Follower of Christianity
Jew	Judío	Follower of Judaism
Islam	Islam	A religion
Christianity	Cristianismo	A religion
Judaism	Judaísmo	A religion
Inquisition	Inquisición	A tribunal of people that controlled the religious issues
To get married	Casarse	To take someone as husband or wife
Crown	Corona	The power of a king
To surrender	Rendirse	To give up

MODERN AGES: XV-XVI CENTURIES

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Printing press	Imprenta	A machine to print books
Century	Siglo	100 years
Institutions	Instituciones	Organisations
Holly Brotherhood	Santa Hermandad	Police and judicial organism of the Middle Ages
Royal	Real	Related to the king
Council	Consejo	Group of people to give advice and help
Son	Hijo	A male in relation to his parents by birth
Daughter	Hija	A female in relation to his parents by birth
Grandson	Nieto	The son of my son/daughter
Granddaughter	Nieta	The daughter of my son/daughter
Empire	Imperio	Group of people or nations ruled by an emperor
Emperor	Emperador	The governor of an empire
Revolt	Revuelta	Act of rebellion
Agreement	Acuerdo	To get to an understanding
Protestantism	Protestantismo	A religion
Protestants	Protestante	Follower of Protestantism
Huge	Gran	Very big
Annexation	Anexión	To add / take control of a new territory
Taxes	Impuestos	Money that you have to pay to the government
Truce	Tregua	To stop fighting for a period of time
To trade	Comerciar	To exchange goods / things between different people, countries, etc.
Bourgeoise	Burgués	Person of the middle class (not a noble but not a commoner)
Merchant	Comerciante	Person that commerce
Humanism	Humanismo	A manner of thinking with interest in the human being
Plateresque	Plateresco	Architectonic style from the Middle Ages characterized by having lots of decorations
Architecture	Arquitectura	Profession of designing buildings
Painting	Pintura	Art of painting pictures
Sculpture	Escultura	Art of creating sculptures
To abdicate	Abdicar	To renounce to the throne / crown

MODERN AGES: XVII CENTURY

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Golden Age	Edad de Oro	Related to the XVII century in Spain
Minister	Ministro	A person with an authority in the government
Valido	Valido	Minister of the king that helps the king or even takes decisions for him
Monarchy	Monarquía	Government where the person governing is a monarch / king
Absolute Monarchy	Monarquía absoluta	Government where the king has all the power
Moriscos	Moriscos	Muslim person that, after the Reconquest, stayed in Spain
Peaceful	Pacífico	That doesn’t want to fight
Policy	Política	Actions of the government
Truce	Tregua	To stop fighting for a period of time
Hegemony	Hegemonía	Domination of a country over other countries
Peace	Paz	Freedom from war
Taxes	Impuestos	Money that you have to pay to the government
Revolt	Revuelta	Act of rebellion
To reduce	Reducir	Get smaller
Autonomy	Autonomía	Independence, self-government
Regent	Regente	A person that is ruling because the king / queen can’t rule (because he/she is too young, he/she is ill…)
Ill	Enfermo	Sick. Not feeling well
Homeless	Sin hogar	A person with no home
Picaresque	Picaresca	A style of life of some commoners where you have to steal, lie, etc. to have food or home
To steal	Robar	Take something from another person without permission
Epidemic	Epidemia	A disease that affects to a lot of people and is contagious
Baroque	Barroco	Architectonic style from the XVII century characterized by curved lines, sense of movement and contrast of light and dark

MODERN AGES: XVIII CENTURY

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Dynasty	Dinastía	Sequence or rulers from the same family
To claim	Proclamar	To declare something in an official manner
Throne	Trono	Rank or dignity of a king
Succession	Sucesión	Process by which a person follows another in a rank
Civil war	Guerra civil	War between people of the same country
To support	Apoyar	To give help
Treaty	Tratado	Agreement between countries to be in peace
To renounce	Renunciar	To give up
Enlightened Despotism	Despotismo Ilustrado	Government of the XVIII century where the king has all the power but makes political, religious and educational reforms.
Reforms	Reformas	Improvements in different areas
To recover	Recuperar	To get back
To modernize	Modernizar	To become modern
Highway	Autovía	Main road
Road	Carretera	A way to go from one place to another
Factory	Fábrica	Building to manufacture goods/things
To promote	Promover	To help something/somebody to advance
Newspapers	Periódicos	Publication with news, advertisements…
Enlightenment	Ilustración	Philosophical movement of the XVIII century characterized by believing in human reason and by political, religious and educational reforms
Age of Reason	Era de la Razón / Siglo de las luces	Period of history in the XVIII century based on thinking and reason
Steam Engine	Motor a vapor	An engine/motor that works with steam/vapour
Industrial Revolution	Revolución Industrial	Economical and social changes in the XVIII century where factories started using machines and steam engines to work
To measure	Medir	To count/calculate the amount, size, dimensions of something
Meridian	Meridiano	Imaginary line that passes from one pole of the Earth to the other
Fable	Fábula	Short story with animals as characters that teaches you something
Neoclassical	Neoclásico	Style of art that takes back the characteristics of Greeks and Romans’ art.

POPULATION

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
Population	Población	Total number of persons living in an area
Inhabitants	Habitantes	Person that lives in an area
Registers	Registro	A list of something
Municipal	Municipal	Related to a city
National Census	Censo Nacional	Official count of the population of a country
Employed	Empleados	People working
Un-employed	Desempleados	People in condition of working that is looking for a job
Active	Activo	People in condition of working that is working or not
Inactive	Inactivo	People that has the proper age for working but are not working
Retired people	Jubilados	People too old to work
Volunteers	Voluntarios	A person who voluntary works helping other people without being paid
Birth rate	Tasa de natalidad	Number of babies that are born for every 1000 inhabitants
Death rate	Tasa de mortandad	Number of people that dies for every 1000 inhabitants
Increase	Aumentar	To become bigger
Migration	Migración	Movement of people from one place of residence to another
Emigration	Emigración	People that leaves his/her place of residence
Immigration	Inmigración	People that arrives from another place of residence
Net migration	Tasa de migración	Difference between emigrants and immigrants in a country
Life expectancy	Esperanza de vida	The average time people live

ECONOMY

ENGLISH	ESPAÑOL	DEFINITION
To involve	Suponer / significar	To include
Crop farming	Cultivos / cosechas	Cultivating something for eating
Livestock farming	Ganadería	Taking care of animals for having food later
Fishing	Pesca	Catching fish
Forestry	Silvicultura	Taking care of trees and forests
Mining	Minería	Taking materials from mines
Cattle	Ganado	Large farm animas
Poultry	Aves de corral	Birds raised for their meat and eggs
Resin	Resina	Steaky substance that comes from trees
Cork	Corcho	Thick and light layer of wood from oaks
Hake	Merluza	A saltwater fish
Squid	Calamar	A sea creature with ten tentacles
Mussels	Mejillones	A two-shelled water creature, a mollusc
Raw materials	Materias primas	Materials in their natural state
Manufactured products	Productos manufacturados	Materials changed by the humans
Iron	Hierro	A silver-white metallic element
Steel	Acero	A form of iron made with carbon
Need	Necesidad	A necessary thing or obligation
Income	Ingreso, salario, sueldo	Amount of money that you receive for a job
Expense	Gasto	Amount of money that you pay for something
Budget	Presupuesto	A list that shows how much money you have and how are you going to use it
Saving	Ahorro	Money saved
Business	Negocio	A person or corporation that buys and sells goods
Company	Empresa	Association to commerce